These batteries are primarily used in large-scale energy storage applications, especially for power grids and renewable energy integration, due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and cost-effectiveness for long-duration storage. . A sodium–sulfur (NaS) battery is a type of molten-salt battery that uses liquid sodium and liquid sulfur electrodes. An optimum hybrid controller using linear quadratic regulator techniques is designed to damp generators' frequency deviations. The results show that the interarea oscillations are damped without losing the voltage. .
The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential use of solar energy within an oil refinery to reduce its fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. A validated ASPEN HYSYS model w.