Magnesium is more abundant and less expensive than lithium, making magnesium batteries a more sustainable and cost-effective option. Furthermore, magnesium batteries boast a higher theoretical energy density, providing the potential for longer-lasting and more efficient. . Magnesium batteries, expected to be a key to the future of energy storage, may play a pivotal role in advancing electric vehicles and the implementation of renewable energies. Magnesium offers a high energy density compared to conventional materials, 2. In terms of rechargeable battery energy storage, magnesium has many advantages over lithium, such as low cost, environmental benignity and ease of operation.