The volatility and intermittency of renewable energy generation signif-icantlyaffectthelow-carboneconomicoperationofthepowersystem. Tooptimize the energy storage capacity for a wind-storage virtual power plant (VPP) while considering carbon trading costs, a multi-objective optimization model is set. . virtual energy storage system (VESS) is defined as cooperation between differ-ent controllable distributed energy resources (DERs), such as flexible demand units and small-capacity energy storage units, to provide efficient power services. A VESS, through virtually sharing DERs' storage potential. .
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