Grid-scale storage refers to technologies connected to the power grid that can store energy and then supply it back to the grid at a more advantageous time – for example, at night, when no solar power is available, or during a weather event that disrupts electricity generation. . A battery/superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) hybrid energy storage system (BSM-HESS) is designed for a power system. Meanwhile, a nonlinear feedback control (FLC) is adopted to achieve smooth and fast-tracking performance, and a rule-based strategy (RBS) is applied for power demand. . Emerging energy storage systems (ESSs) present a unique oppor-tunity for addressing transient stability via real-power modula-tion. Such control could help avoid instabilities or the need for remedial actions such as load shedding. SOC unbal-ance brings about battery over-charge or over-discharge, which reduces the battery life.
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