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Hoang and Yue et al. 20, 21 studied the importance of combining battery energy storage system with solar photovoltaic system in hydrogen energy production and this integration can improve the economy and efficiency of the system, enabling efficient conversion from solar to hydrogen energy.
Abdulrhman 29 et al. simulated grid-connected PV and PV with cells configurations and found that grid-connected PV systems are more viable at industrial electricity prices, with a levelized energy cost of $0.016/kWh, a net present value of $4233,274, a return on investment of 426.5%, and a payback period of 4.7 years.
However, none of the existing energy storage technology can perfectly satisfy the operational requirements in different scenarios. Therefore, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) including heterogenous and supplementary energy storage technologies is proposed to effectively enhance the regulated capability and reliability.
Energy storage has become an increasingly common component of utility-scale solar energy systems in the United States. Much of NLR's analysis for this market segment focuses on the grid impacts of solar-plus-storage systems, though costs and benefits are also frequently considered.
The findings showed that integrating CAESS with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems resulted in a cost savings in energy ranging from $0.015 to $0.021 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) for the optimal system. This integration allowed for effective load shifting, leading to significant energy cost reductions.
The monthly average efficiency of the ESS system was calculated as 83.6%. Figure 11. Monthly energy is transferred to the load from sources. The energy generated by the PV power plant is distributed as follows: 24.25% to the load, 50.6% to the energy storage system (ESS), and 25.14% to the grid.
Aichhorn et al. studied the cost-effectiveness of considering the sizing of BESSs integrated with residential PV systems using the economic energy management strategy (EMS). The results indicated that using BESSs integrated with residential PV systems led to an annual profit of $121.1.
Therefore, there are different economic results for PV + ESS in the literature. In addition, since PV and battery prices generally tend to decrease, projects that were not attractive in previous years may become attractive today.
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